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Showing posts with label Railway Safety. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Railway Safety. Show all posts

23/09/2011

Railways Constitutes High Level Safety Review Committee

Railways Constitutes High Level Safety Review Committee

         The Minister of Railways, Shri Dinesh Trivedi, at a press conference here today, announced the constitution of a High Level Safety Review Committee. The committee comprising of eminent persons/experts in technical and high end technology related fields with experience and expertise in a managing innovation in technology and change will also provide a valuable independent outsiders’ view in respect of the system and protocols. Present on the occasion among others were the Minister of State for Railways Shri Bharatsinh Solanki, Chairman Railway Board, Shri Vinay Mittal, Board Members and three members of the new committee. 
                    The Committee will be headed by Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Former Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission, and assisted by Dr. N. Vedachalam of Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Thiruvananthapuram, Prof. Sanjay Dhande, Director IIT Kanpur and Sh. G.P. Srivastava Director E&I Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Shri E. Sreedharan, Managing Director, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has kindly consented to act as the Advisor to the Committee. 
             Based on the accidents and their consequences witnessed in the recent past, the Committee would examine aspects connected with  , Signalling Systems,Rolling stock (of all types), Fixed Structures (Tracks, Bridges and OHE), Human Resource Development with emphasis on Training, Education and Research, Need for a Third Party Audit, Organisational and structural changes in RDSO and in any other department, and improvements in procedural system and improvement in procedures and systems and any other item/modification which Committee may desire.

26/01/2011

Running staff Dharana in front of All Lobbies

SUR/NRMU/LTRS/Dharana                          Date: 12.01.2011

To,

DRM(P)

C.Rly., Solapur

Respected Sir,

Subject: Loco & Traffic Running staff Dharana in front of All Lobbies

In reference to above subject NRMU wants to hold Loco & Traffic Running Staff Dharana and slogan shouting programme in front of Lobbies on 28/01/2011 from 11 to 13 hours for following Running staff demands. This is to be treated as a notice for the same.

Demands:

1. Stop Harassment of Running Staff through star booking.

2. Stop Inconvenience caused due to CMS.

3. Provide mobile phone for CUG SIM card to LP/GDs. And provide CUG with Mobile handset to ALPs.

4. Provide all details of CUG.

5. Withdraw the extra running staff from non- running duties working other than drafted posts.

6. Give shunting allowance.

7. Give OT in time.

8. Fill up all vacancies of RngStaff, Specially of ALP(198post)/LPG(110post)/Goods Guard(46posts).

9. Re-engagement of Retd RngStaff violation of rules.

10. Stop harassment of ALPs such as giving through, disturbing fix-Link, wrong booking, over hrs working

11. Stop STAR Booking & over hour’s duty.

12. Stop Harassment of Gd’s by issuing SF5/SF11 for PMC

13. Relieve Promoted RngStaff immediately w/o delay.

14. Grant Promotional 3% increment on every promotion to Loco/Traffic RngStaff.

15. Grant MACP Promotion to Loco/Traffic Running staff.

16. Stop the wrong booking at out station. (Against link and single LP/ALP bookings)

17. Stop the harassment through suspensions and unwanted explanations.

18. Solve the PB RR related problems. Provide Toilet/Urinal facility at PB Lobby

19. Post the staff proportionally according to vacancy in different Hqs., Pinpointing to be revised

20. Stop the harassment of Loco Running staff through PCORs.

21. Provide shunters at PA as assured, for Link Loco movement.

22. Stop 10+2 and 14+2 bookings.

23. Implement the decisions according to 01.07.2010 minutes.

24. Give pre intimated PRs as per rule and along with prefixed/suffixed with leave.

25. Increase RR subsidy to Rs. 27 as per Rly board LNo. RBE 35/2010

Thanking you

Yours Faithfully,

S.M.Lokhande

Secretary/LTRS/NRMU/SUR

26/01/2010

Why the rail accidents takes place frequently in India only? Is it System Failure?

 

Open Letter to Railway Board & Hon'ble Minister

for Railways Safety

………. 00 ……….

Respected Sir,
Role of electronic media is critical in making our public sector officials accountable and motivate them to be honest.
This is in reference to accidents that we have witnessed on Jan 2, 2010 in UP region. As citizens we are entitled to know the root cause of the train accidents. Fog conditions exist in every part of the globe, leading rail companies in the world have best technology and able to prevent accidents due to fog. Why is Indian railways behind?
WHY INDIAN RAILWAYS IS TAKING SAFETY SUBJECT LIGHTLY? ( This is the fourth or fifth accident during Mamta Banerjee's tenure as Minister Railways) Someone in Indian Railways needs to be held accountable for not implementing TPWS and AWS Systems. Simply suspending the Loco Driver will not be an ideal solution. This accident was preventable if Indian Railways had implemented TPWS and AWS System ( Train Protection Warning Systems and Automatic Warning System) in the trains. TPWS is a great technology and has been in Europe, America and other parts of Asia.
Highlights
1. R&D : Indian Railways has invested crores of rupees in RDSO organization with limited return on investment. We do agree that indigenous build products are important from the perspective of self reliance and encouraging innovation. As a tax payer and proud Indian citizen we are entitled to know how does RDSO come about making business case for new product development. What mechanisms are there to monitor the project. We very much doubt that Indian Railways follows sound project management processes or track vendor's progress.
2. Training : Indian Railways should expose mid level managers to best practices of global railway organizations for example Labour Management Practices, Project Management Practices, Effective Leadership techniques, Communication and Negotiation with vendors.
3. Safety and Modernization : Hon'ble minister should divert her energy from running populist political agenda for example cheap food, reducing the price of the rail fare etc.. The time has come to modernize the aging infrastructure - rail signaling systems, Solid State Interlocking Application, ERTMS, ETCS, GSM-R and track management and engineering. Seriously look at CENELC, SIL4, GSM-4 standards for improving signaling Systems and infrastructure.
4. Salary and Benefits : Indian Railways Officials are losing experienced signaling engineers and managers to private sector. Improving the compensation structure could encourage and motivate young engineers to continue with Indian Railways. Hon'ble Minister and Members of Railway Board should look at this subject seriously.
5. Security and Surveillance : Indian Railway Protection Force lacks modern technology in growing security threats we face. We need to seriously upgrade security apparatus, equip security personnel with modern weapons, grow the bomb squad force, implement modern surveillance devices and equipments.
According to RTI Act, we are entitled to know what steps and investments are being made by Indian Railways to make rail travel safe. Fo
g conditions exist all over the world. In UK fog is common, train services still run but slowly and Network Rail , UK has necessary technology which is TPS and AWS to prevent train collisions.
Hon'ble Minister, we request you to dedicate next rail budget on rail safety, modernizing infrastructure and security. We elected you to transform Indian Railways and we certainly deserve the best.
Jai Hind!

---Railway Samachar

19/12/2009

Railwaymen’s (Trackman) wards will be employed in Railway on Retirement: AIRF

image

No.AIRF/415                  Dated: December 18, 2009


The General Secretaries,
All Affiliated Unions,


Dear Coms.,


Sub: Safety Related Retirement Scheme of Trackman


           Today Hon’ble Minister for Railways called me and told that she has cleared the scheme of the Safety Related Retirement Scheme for those Trackman who want to take Voluntary Retirement and get their wards employed in the Railways.
           The conditions and other things will be processed by the Railway Board.
I hope, orders to this effect will be issued shortly.

image

25/10/2009

CBI will conduct criminal enquiry of Railway Accidents. GM, DRM & Branch Officers may held Responsible- Railsamachar

रेल अधिकारी अपना 'कट' लेना बंद करें-रेलमंत्री
  • रेल अधिकारी 'क्लब कल्चर' छोडें
  • रेल दुर्घटनाओं की सीबीआई से आपराधिक जाँच कराई जायेगी
  • दुर्घटनाओं के लिए जीएम, डीआरएम् और ब्रांच अफसरों को जिम्मेदार ठहराया जाएगा


नई दिल्ली : मथुरा में हुई दो ट्रेनों की दहशतनाक टक्कर के तुंरत बाद ठाणे, मुंबई में २३ अक्तूबर को ट्रैक के ऊपर पुल का गर्डर/pa[plaa[na गिरने saoहुई दर्दनाक घटना और लगातार ३०-३५ घंटों तक सभी ट्रेनों के बंद रहे आवागमन से मुंबई के लाखों दैनिक रेल यात्रियों की परेशानी को देखकर और शायद इससे होने वाली अपनी भारी आलोचना से बचने के मद्देनजर रेलमंत्री सुश्री ममता बनर्जी ने २३ अक्तूबर को ही आनन - फानन रेलवे बोर्ड पहुंचकर पुरे बोर्ड की इमरजेंसी मीटिंग बुलाकर सभी अधिकारियों की लम्बी खिंचाई का डाली।
सूत्रों का कहना है की ममता ने अधिकारियों को सामानों की खरीद और आउट सोर्सिंग तथा टेंडर सिस्टम में अपनी कमीशनखोरी खत्म करने को कहा है। सूत्रों का तो यहाँ तक कहना है की ममता ने इसके लिए वास्तव में 'कट' जैसे टपोरियों की भाषा के शब्द का साफ़ इस्तेमाल किया जिससे ईमानदार अफसरों के होठों पर भी मुस्कराहट उभर आई, यह देखकर रेलमंत्री भी उनका मंतव्य समझकर हलके से मुस्कराए बिना नहीं रह सकीं।
रेलमंत्री के आदेश पर एक तरफ़ पैलेस ऑन व्हील्स का मजा ले रहे दक्षिण पूर्व रेलवे के महाप्रबंधक श्री ए.के.जैन को उनकी छुट्टियाँ रद्द करके तुंरत वापस बुलाया गया तो दूसरी तरफ़ उनके और लालू के सबसे बड़े सिपहसालार रहे सीऍफ़टीएम्/द.पू.रे.श्री बी.डी.राय, जो की इस पड़ पर पिछले करीब ५ सालों से बिराजमान थे, को तुंरत प्रभाव से इस पद से हटा दिया गया है जिससे तमाम अफसरों के कलेजे को काफी ठंढक मिली है क्योंकि लालू वरदहस्त होने के कारण श्री राय अपनी मनमानियों के चलते बहुतों को अपना दुश्मन बना लिए थे।
उधर मथुरा के पास हुई ट्रेनों की टक्कर और उसमें दो दर्जन से ज्यादा मौतों के लिए जिम्मेदार ठहराकर ममता ने आगरा मंडल के मंडल रेल प्रबंधक श्री के.जी.त्रिपाठी को उनके पद से हटा देने का आदेश दिया है।
२३ अक्तूबर की इमरजेंसी बोर्ड मीटिंग में बताते हैं की रेलमंत्री ने न सिर्फ़ रेल अधिकारियों की सभी विदेश यात्राओं पर अगले एक साल तक के लिए प्रतिबन्ध लगा दिया है बल्कि पिछले ५ वर्षों के दरम्यान जितने भी फ्रेट रेकों का एलाटमेंट हुआ है सभी की जाँच सीबीआई से कराने को कहा है। सूत्रों का कहना है की रेलमंत्री ने आउट ऑफ़ टर्न रेक एलाटमेंट की गलत परंपरा को तुंरत प्रभाव से रोक देने को कहा है.

-rola samaacaar

18/09/2009

Additional Side berth removed, but side upper berth not lowered yet, why?

The railways were hoping to earn some brownie points by knocking out the side middle berths from mail and express trains. But the litany of the passengers continue. Many have complained that by not lowering the side upper berths to its original height, travelling has become cumbersome.
To generate extra revenue, former railway minister Laloo Prasad Yadav had introduced the side middle berth on all trains. Not only was travel difficult for the three people on these berths, passengers on the opposite side too were inconvenienced as sitting facility for the person on the side middle berth was slotted there. With complains pouring in from every quarter, the railways
withdrew these berths in July. Some are yet to be dismantled, but reservations are not being issued by them.
Why the side upper berth was not lowered while knocking out the middle is something the Railways have never explained. The yawning gap that's left between the side berths now make it a spacious place for the passenger on the lower berth while the one above him is boxed in.
"The railways seemed to have completely overlooked that they had to lower the upper berth when knocking out the middle one,"
According to railway sources, the adjustment has to be done at the zonal level. Central Railway have well-equipped workshop at Matunga in Mumbai, and the work can be done in there. But, neither wants to act in the absence of any clear instructions.

15/08/2009

For 18000 RngStaff 15 Billion Dollars will be spent within 3 Years for Up-gradation of CMS by CRIS! RngStaff Be aware? Expenses may be shown in our A/c (PlanHead). How it will be balanced?

18 हजार ट्रेन कर्मचारियों के लिए 15 अरब डॉलर आईटी सिस्टम आपग्रेड करेगी

आधुनिक टेक्नोलॉजी से रेलवे में हो रहा परिवर्तन


अब तक रेलवे ड्राइवर को ट्रेन सौंपने का कार्य मैन्युअली करती थी. पहले यह तय नहीं था और विद्यमान ड्राइवर को यह जानकारी भी नहीं होती थी कि अगले स्टेशन पर ड्यूटी समाप्त होने पर वह इंजन किस ड्राइवर को सौंपेगा, परंतु अब ऐसा नहीं रहेगा. अब रेलवे में नई टेक्नोलॉजी के कारण स्थिति में बहुत परिवर्तन आया है. अब भारतीय रेल के 18,000 ट्रेन चालक दल, नई क्रू प्रबंध सिस्टम (सीएमएस) का लाभ उठाएंगे. यह एक इनहाऊस ड्राइवर डिक्लप्ड सॉफ्टवेयर है. इसमें बायोमेट्रिक पहचान अर्थात ड्राइवर की पहचान की व्यक्तिगत सांख्यिकी होगी और इसी पहचान के आधार पर ट्रेन आवंटन होगी. इस सिस्टम में प्रत्येक इंजिन क्रू के विवरण रहेंगे. इसी के आधार प्रत्येक चालक और ट्रेन का टाइम टेबल पहले से ही निर्धारित रहेगा. भारतीय रेलवे 37,000 करोड़ के बजट वाली एक स्वतंत्र और सर्वोपरि अर्थव्यवस्था है. प्रतिदिन 18,000 सवारी गाडिय़ों में 1.80 करोड़ यात्री यात्रा करते हैं. आगामी तीन वर्षों के अंदर-अंदर इस सॉफ्टवेयर को अपग्रेड करने के लिए 15 अरब डॉलर व्यय होने की संभावना है.
चालक दल को योग्य रीति से काम मिलेगा. राजधानी, शताब्दी और सामान्य एक्सप्रेस ट्रेनों को चलाने/संचालन के लिए एक अलग विशिष्ट कौशल्य की जरूरत होती है. डीजल और विद्युत संचालित इंजनों के लिए भी विशिष्ट कौशल जरूरी है. अब हम चालक दल के सदस्य और उनके नंबर पर सर्च कर यह जान सकते हैं कि वह इस समय कहा है. सेंटर फार रेलवे इंफोर्मेशन सिस्टम (सीआरआईएस) CRIS ने वर्ष 2006 में क्रू मैनेजमेंट पाइलट प्रोजेक्ट शुरू किया है. इससे अब चालक दल के सदस्यों को उनके परिजन जान सकते हैं कि वे इस समय कहा हैं.

12/07/2009

SERVICE TAX: RLY GOODS TRANSPORT WILL BE TAXABLE

SERVICE TAX CHANGES IN BUDGET 2009

Amendments proposed by Finance Bill, 2009 SERVICE TAX

(A) Following New Services are brought under Service Tax Net,

(i) Transport of goods by rail,

Transport of Goods through Rail

Presently, transportation of goods in containers by rail, by other than Government railways is taxable under Section 65(105)(zzzp) of the Finance Act, 1994 (‘the Finance Act') since 2006. It is now proposed to impose service tax on goods transported by railways, whether in containers or otherwise.After application of this clause the Freight on all good through railway will be cost more .

(ii) Transport of,

· Coastal goods; or

· Goods through national waterway; or

· Goods through Inland water

(iii) Service in relation to Cosmetic surgery or Plastic surgery

This service proposes to cover cosmetic surgery and plastic surgery undertaken to preserve or enhance physical appearance or beauty. However, any surgery undertaken to restore or reconstruct one's anatomy or bodily functions affected due to congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, degenerative diseases, injury or trauma is outside the scope of this service.

(iv) Services in relation to Advice, Consultancy or assistance in any branch of law, provided by any business entity not being an individual

Service provided in the field of law except in case where service provider or service recipient is an individual. Thus tax would be limited to services provided by a business entity to another business entity and services provided by an individual advocate either to an individual or even to a business entity and by a corporate legal firm to an individual would be outside the purview of taxable service. Further service of appearance before any court of law or any statutory authority is also outside this levy.

Proposed clause is

“(zzzzm) to a business entity, by any other business entity, in relation to advice, consultancy or assistance in any branch of law, in any manner:

Provided that any service provided by way of appearance before any court, tribunal or authority shall not amount to taxable service.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-clause, “business entity” includes an association of persons, body of individuals, company or firm, but does not include an individual;”

The date of effect of the above new services will be Notified in the notification.(not known yet)


(B) Following amendments have been proposed in relation to existing service

  • (i) The definition of stock-broker has been amended so as to exclude the sub-broker from its net. Hence, sub-broker shall not be liable to service tax anymore.

The words ‘sub-broker' has been deleted from charging provisions of the Finance Act, which defines ‘stock broker' .  This has been necessitated as in terms of the amended provisions of SEBI Rules, sub-broker has no independent role as he is not authorized to raise any bill on the clients.

  • (ii) The definition of “Information Technology Software Services” has been amended to replace the word ‘acquiring’ with ‘providing’. This amendment is being given retrospective effect,

Exclusion clause in this service has been modified to provide that it would apply only if the activity results in manufacture of ‘excisable goods'. The impact of this change would be that even if a process of manufacture is undertaken for the customer, but the resultant product does not fall under the category of excisable goods, such as alcoholic beverages, service tax would be attracted.

  • (iii) The definition of “Business Auxiliary Services” has been amended so as to provide that only those processes which result in the manufacture of excisable goods, are excluded from the purview of Business Auxiliary Services

Exclusion clause in this service has been modified to provide that it would apply only if the activity results in manufacture of ‘excisable goods'. The impact of this change would be that even if a process of manufacture is undertaken for the customer, but the resultant product does not fall under the category of excisable goods, such as alcoholic beverages, service tax would be attracted.

(C) The following amendments has been proposed in the rules and notifications

(1) Rule 6(3) of Cenvat Credit Rules, 2004 has been amended to prescribe that the provider of both taxable and exempted services, and who does not maintain separate books of accounts relating to inputs, shall pay an amount equal to 6% of the value of exempted services instead of 8%.

(2) Rule 3(5B) of Cenvat Credit Rules, 2004, is being amended to provide that a service provider shall pay back the amount of credit taken on inputs/capital goods fully written off.

(3) Explanation provided in the Works Contract Rules, 2007 is being modified so as to allow the benefit of optional composition only to such works contracts where the tax payer declares the entire value of goods (whether supplied under any other contract for a consideration or otherwise) and services used in the execution of works contracts as the ‘gross value charged’ for the works contracts. This restriction shall not be applicable to current works contracts where either the execution has commenced or any payment has been made on or before 07.07.2009.

23/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Amends the Works Contract (Composition Scheme for Payment of Service Tax) Rules, 2007.

(D) The following other important amendments have been proposed :
Exemption Scheme
(1) To simplify the Scheme of Zero-rate export and refund of service tax paid after clearance of exportable goods from the factory, Following major changes have been proposed;

  • (i) Services received by exporters from goods transport agents and commission agents, where the liability to pay service tax is ab initio on the exporter, would be exempted from service tax. Thus, there would be no need for the exporter to first pay the tax and later claim refund.
  • (ii) For other services received by exporters, the exemption would be operated through the existing refund mechanism based on self-certification of the documents where such refund is below 0.25 per cent of fob (free on board) value, and certification of documents by a Chartered Accountant for value of refund exceeding the above limit.

(2) Exemption from levy of service tax on the membership and other fees colleted by Export Promotion Councils and Federation of Indian Export Organization (FIEO) till 31st March, 2010

16/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Exempts the taxable service, referred to in sub-clause (zzze) of clause (105) of section 65 of the Finance Act, provided or to be provided by the certain associations, from the whole of the service tax leviable thereon under section 66 of the said Finance Act.

(3) Exemption from levy of service tax to the passenger vehicle run by private undertakings: In order to bring uniformity with the vehicles having “Stage Carriage Permit” and run by State Government, which are exempted from service tax, the vehicle having “Contact Carriage Permits” and run by private undertakings are also being exempted from service tax.

20/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Exempts the taxable service referred to in sub-clause (n) of clause (105) of section 65 of the Finance Act.

Download Budget Related Notification

23/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Amends the Works Contract (Composition Scheme for Payment of Service Tax) Rules, 2007.

22/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Amends the Taxation of Services (Provided from outside India and Received in India) Rules, 2006.

21/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Amendments in Notification No. 1/2002 – Service Tax, dated the 1st March, 2002.

20/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Exempts the taxable service referred to in sub-clause (n) of clause (105) of section 65 of the Finance Act.

19/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Exempts the taxable service, referred to in sub-clause (zm) or (zzk)  of clause (105) of section 65 of the Finance Act.

18/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Exempts the taxable service  pertaining to sub-clause  (zzb) and (zzp) of clause (105) of section 65 of the Finance Act.

17/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Supersedes notification No.41/2007- Service Tax, dated the 6th October, 2007.

16/2009 - Service Tax, dated 07-07-2009

Exempts the taxable service, referred to in sub-clause (zzze) of clause (105) of section 65 of the Finance Act, provided or to be provided by the certain associations, from the whole of the service tax leviable thereon under section 66 of the said Finance Act.

06/07/2009

Railway Safety!

For protecting Trains in case of accidents or failures The Indian Railway Board still relies on a box of centuries old detonator & fugee.
With these equipments still not replaced with modern technological system, It is clear That The Indian Railway Board is under the illusion that their train Protection system are so perfect that improvement cannot even be thought of.

visit: Indian Railway Loco Traffic Running Staff

PME Due Date

Master Circular No. 25



Copy of Railway Board’s letter No. 69/H/3/11 dated 06.12.1974



Subject: Implementation of the Recommendations of the Visual Sub-Committee.



6. Periodical re-examination of serving Railway Employees:



6.l. In order to ensure the continued ability of Railway employees in Classes A l, A 2, A 3, B l and B 2 to discharge their duties with safety, they will be required to appear for re-examination at the following stated intervals throughout their service as indicated below:



6.1.1. Classes A l, A 2 and A 3 —At the termination of every period of three years, calculated from the date of appointment until they attain the age of 45 years, and thereafter annually until the conclusion of their service.



Note: (l) The staff in categories A l, A 2 and A 3 should be sent for special medical examination in the interest of safety under the following circumstances unless they have been under the treatment of a Railway Medical Officer.



(a) Having undergone any treatment or operation for eye trouble irrespective of the duration of sickness.



(b) Absence from duty for a period in excess of 90 days.



(2) If any employee in medical category A has been periodically medically examined at any time within one year prior to his attaining the age of 45, his next medical examination should be held one year from the due date of the last medical examination and subsequent medical examination annually thereafter.



If, however, such an employee has been medically examined, at any time earlier, than one year prior to his attaining the age of 45, his next medical examination should be held on the date he attains the age of 45 and subsequent medical examination annually thereafter.




Ammendment: It was ammended in 1993 as below



Age Group PME Due



Age 00-45 every 4yrs



Age 45-55 every 2yrs



Age 55-60 every year
Details:-
As per Rly Bd's Guideline of Medical Exam issued vide LNo. 88/H/5/12 dated 24-01-1993

a) PME would be done at the termination of every period of 4 years from date of appointment / Initial medical Exam till the date of attainment of age of 45 years, every 2 years upto 55 years & there after annual till retirement.
b) Employees who has been periodically examined at any time within 2years prior to his attaining the age of 45years would be examined after 2years from the date of last PME & subsequent PME for every 2years upto 55years age.Of

NRMU 4 you
SMLokhande





6.1.2. Classes B-1 and B-2—On attaining the age of 45 years, and thereafter at the termination of every period of five years.